Many violations of Intellectual Property rights have to be dealt with under the frame of the laws governing unfair competition. This is particularly the case in passing off situations, e.g. in cases relating to trademarks or to deception in advertising (with the fool's test familiar to U.S. lawyers), or in cases of unjust appropriation of goodwill or business reputation , including slavish imitation of products. Additionally, Modiano obviously deals with know-how problems , including the drafting of agreements based partly on patents and partly on know-how, where the expertise related to the so-called European Union block exemptions are of paramount importance.